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KMID : 0848120230480020009
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International Journal of Oral Biology
2023 Volume.48 No. 2 p.9 ~ p.18
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Trends in the rapid detection of infective oral diseases
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Jin Ran-Yi
Cho Han-Gyoul
Ohk Seung-Ho
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Abstract
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The rapid detection of bacteria in the oral cavity, its species identification, and bacterial count determination are
important to diagnose oral diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. The existing clinical microbial diagnosis methods
are time-consuming as they involve observing patients’ samples under a microscope or culturing and confirming
bacteria using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kits, making the process complex. Therefore, it is required to analyze
the development status of substances and systems that can rapidly detect and analyze pathogenic microorganisms
in the oral cavity. With research advancements, a close relationship between oral and systemic diseases has been
identified, making it crucial to identify the changes in the oral cavity bacterial composition. Additionally, an early and
accurate diagnosis is essential for better prognosis in periodontal disease. However, most periodontal diseasecausing pathogens are anaerobic bacteria, which are difficult to identify using conventional bacterial culture methods.
Further, the existing PCR method takes a long time to detect and involves complicated stages. Therefore, to address
these challenges, the concept of point-of-care (PoC) has emerged, leading to the study and implementation of various
chair-side test methods. This study aims to investigate the different PoC diagnostic methods introduced thus far for
identifying pathogenic microorganisms in the oral cavity. These are classified into three categories: 1) microbiological
tests, 2) microchemical tests, and 3) genetic tests. The microbiological tests are used to determine the presence
or absence of representative causative bacteria of periodontal diseases, such as A. actinomycetemcomitans, P.
gingivalis, P. intermedia, and T. denticola. However, the quantitative analysis remains impossible, and detecting
pathogens other than the specific ones is challenging. The microchemical tests determine the activity of inflammation
or disease by measuring the levels of biomarkers present in the oral cavity. Although this diagnostic method is
based on increase in the specific biomarkers proportional to inflammation or disease progression in the oral cavity,
its commercialization is limited due to low sensitivity and specificity. The genetic tests are based on the concept
that differences in disease vulnerability and treatment response are caused by the patient’s DNA predisposition.
Specifically, the IL-1 gene is used in such tests. PoC diagnostic methods developed to date serve as supplementary
diagnostic methods and tools for patient education, in addition to existing diagnostic methods, although they have
limitations in diagnosing oral diseases alone. Research on various PoC test methods that can analyze and manage
the oral cavity bacterial composition is expected to become more active, aligning with the shift from treatmentoriented to prevention-oriented approaches in healthcare.
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KEYWORD
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Rapid detection, Infective oral diseases, Point-of-care
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